Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced. It occurs when there is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells, interfering with the body’s ability to make healthy blood cells and perform normal functions.
Types of Leukemia
Leukemia is classified into different types based on how quickly it progresses and the kind of blood cells it affects:
- Acute Leukemia: Progresses rapidly, requiring immediate treatment.
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Common in children.
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Occurs in both adults and children.
- Chronic Leukemia: Progresses more slowly, often detected during routine blood tests.
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Usually affects older adults.
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Common in middle-aged adults.
- Other Types: Include rarer forms such as Hairy Cell Leukemia and T-cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of leukemia is unknown, but several factors increase the risk:
- Genetic Mutations: Changes in the DNA of blood cells can lead to abnormal cell growth.
- Radiation Exposure: Prolonged exposure to high levels of radiation.
- Chemical Exposure: Contact with chemicals like benzene found in industrial settings.
- Family History: A close relative with leukemia may increase risk.
- Certain Disorders: Conditions like Down syndrome or other inherited syndromes.
Symptoms of Leukemia
Leukemia symptoms vary depending on the type but commonly include:
- Fatigue and weakness
- Frequent infections
- Unexplained weight loss
- Easy bruising or bleeding
- Fever or chills
- Swollen lymph nodes, liver, or spleen
- Pain in the bones or joints
Diagnosis and Tests
To diagnose leukemia, healthcare providers perform several tests:
- Blood Tests: Look for abnormal levels of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
- Bone Marrow Biopsy: Examines bone marrow cells under a microscope.
- Imaging Tests: Such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs, to detect abnormalities.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the type and stage of leukemia, as well as the patient’s age and health:
- Chemotherapy: The primary treatment, using drugs to kill cancer cells.
- Radiation Therapy: Uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells or shrink tumors.
- Targeted Therapy: Medications targeting specific abnormalities in cancer cells.
- Immunotherapy: Boosts the immune system to fight leukemia.
- Stem Cell Transplant: Replaces diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells.
Living with Leukemia
A leukemia diagnosis can be overwhelming, but advancements in medical science have significantly improved survival rates. Support groups, counseling, and proper nutrition play critical roles in managing the emotional and physical challenges of the disease. Regular follow-ups and staying informed about the latest treatments are essential for better outcomes.
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